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Murray Maxwell
Captain Sir Murray Maxwell, CB, FRS (10 September 1775 – 26 June 1831)〔There is some confusion over the exact date of Maxwell's death. The ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' states that he died on 26 June, while ''Fraser's Magazine'' and the ''United Services Magazine'' claim that he died on 19 June. Since all sources agree on the circumstances of his death, there is no accounting for the difference in date.〕 was a British Royal Navy officer who served with distinction in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Maxwell first gained recognition as one of the British captains involved in the successful Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814, during which he was responsible for the destruction of a French armaments convoy at the Action of 29 November 1811. As a result of further success in the Mediterranean, Maxwell was given increasingly important commissions and, despite the loss of his ship off Ceylon in 1813, was appointed to escort the British Ambassador to China in 1816.
The voyage to China subsequently became famous when Maxwell's ship was wrecked in the Gaspar Strait, and he and his crew became stranded on a nearby island. The shipwrecked sailors ran short of food and were repeatedly attacked by Malay pirates, but thanks to Maxwell's leadership no lives were lost. Eventually rescued by a British East India Company ship, the party returned to Britain as popular heroes, Maxwell being especially commended. He was knighted for his services, and made a brief and unsuccessful foray into politics before resuming his naval career. In 1831 Maxwell was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island, but fell ill and died before he could take up the post.
==Early career==
Murray Maxwell was born in 1775 to James and Elizabeth Maxwell; his father was a British Army officer with the 42nd Regiment of Foot (known as the "Black Watch") and the son of Sir Alexander Maxwell, second of the Maxwell Baronets of Monreith.〔(Maxwell, Sir Murray ), ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', J. K. Laughton, (subscription required), Retrieved 25 July 2008〕 The family lived in Penninghame in Wigtownshire, Scotland, and Murray was intended for the armed forces from an early age: six of Murray's eight brothers would also join the Army or Navy.〔''Annual Biography and Obituary'', 1832 Vol. XVI, p. 220〕 In 1790, at the age of 14, he was sent to sea on board , then commanded by Samuel Hood. He had been in ''Juno'' for three years when the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, and was on board when the frigate was forced to make a desperate escape from Toulon harbour under heavy fire from French Republican batteries during the siege of the city.〔''United Services Magazine'', 1831 Part II, p. 531〕 Later that year, he was engaged in the invasion of Corsica and the siege of Bastia, during which he made such a favourable impression that when Hood transferred to in 1794, he requested that Maxwell accompany him. Maxwell was transferred again during 1794, this time to the small frigate under the command of Hood's relative Captain Samuel Hood Linzee.〔
In December 1795 Maxwell was taken prisoner when ''Nemesis'' was captured by a superior French force in Smyrna harbour. Despite Smyrna's neutrality, the large French frigate ''Sensible'' and the smaller corvette ''Sardine'' entered the port, followed later by the corvette ''Rossignol'', and called on ''Nemesis'' to surrender. Linzee protested at the illegal nature of the French demands, but decided it would be futile to engage the significantly stronger force inside a neutral harbour, and complied with the French order.〔James, Vol. 1, p. 275〕 Maxwell was rapidly exchanged, and returned to service aboard under Captain James Colnett. However, on 27 December 1796, ''Hussar'' was wrecked off Southern France, and Maxwell once again became a prisoner of war.〔James, Vol. 2, p. 378〕 Exchanged a second time, he joined , and later moved to , before being made lieutenant in October 1796. Following his promotion, Maxwell was not employed at sea again until 1802. In 1798 he married the daughter of an army officer, Grace Callander Waugh.〔
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